Medicine Nobel 2025 Awarded For Immuno-Regulatory T Cells Discovery
Mary Brunkow, Fred Ramsdell, and Shimon Sakaguschi are awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2025 for the fundamental discoveries related to peripheral immune tolerance. The researchers identified the immune system’s security guards, regulatory T cells, which prevent immune cells from attacking our own body.
Their discoveries have been decisive in understanding the immune system functions and protection mechanism from serious autoimmune diseases, Olle Kampe, chair of the Nobel Committee, said.
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In 1995, Shimon Sakaguchi made the first key discovery. At the time, many researchers were convinced that immune tolerance only developed due to potentially harmful immune cells being eliminated in the thymus, through a process called central tolerance. Sakaguchi showed that the immune system is more complex and discovered a previously unknown class of immune cells, which protect the body from autoimmune diseases.
Mary Brunkow and Fred Ramsdell made the other key discovery in 2001, when they presented the explanation for why a specific mouse strain was particularly vulnerable to autoimmune diseases. They had discovered that the mice have a mutation in a gene that they named Foxp3. They also showed that mutations in the human equivalent of this gene cause a serious autoimmune disease, IPEX.
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Two years after this, Shimon Sakaguchi was able to link these discoveries. He proved that the Foxp3 gene governs the development of the cells he identified in 1995. These cells, now known as regulatory T cells, monitor other immune cells and ensure that our immune system tolerates our own tissues.
The Nobel laureates’ discoveries launched the field of peripheral tolerance, spurring the development of medical treatments for cancer and autoimmune diseases. This may also lead to more successful transplantations. Several of these treatments are now undergoing clinical trials.
